<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Industrial Revolution]]></title><description><![CDATA[Articles]]></description><link>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/</link><copyright><![CDATA[Copyright Industrial Revolution]]></copyright><generator>sNews CMS</generator><item><title><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION]]></title><description><![CDATA[  
After the middle of 19th century the industrialization progressed fast also in Continental Europe and Northern America.     
The Second Industrial Revolution was fastened by:     
- growing needs for various goods    
- theoretically scientific work    
- introduction of scientific achievements in industry    
- state measures     
      
The production needs fastened the scientific researches. New innovations improved technical equipment of factories and 
increased their competition. International liberalism and big competition forced the factory owners to modernize 
their factories constantly. For that reason industrialists began to cooperate with scientists and financially 
supported them. The industrialists soon established their own research laboratories or cooperated with certain 
universities. University education was adjust with needs of production and examined technology, tried to establish 
the best possible organization of work... The Second Industrial Revolution was also the period of tight cooperation 
science, technology and production.     
Industrialization and economic progress was encouraged by the governments which helped to protect and develop the 
production especially because of it's military needs (demand for the new world division).     
All mentioned causes had a big impact on faster economic progress and many new innovations, introduction of new 
energy sources (oil, electricity), different engines, faster development of trade, new shapes of transport,...]]></description><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2007 20:36:00 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/introduction-to-the-second-industrial-revolution/</link><guid>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/introduction-to-the-second-industrial-revolution/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[PROGRESS OF SCIENCE IN THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION]]></title><description><![CDATA[  
The biggest importance for technological progress had the progress of natural history sciences, in first place 
physics and chemistry. Ernest Rutherford discovered radioactivity and with Niels Bohr made the model of the atom, 
while Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as x-rays or 
Röntgen rays. Theodor Boveri discovered chromosomes in cells of living creatures what eventually led to establishment 
of modern genetics. In 1865 Gregor Mendel showed that the inheritance of traits follows particular laws and enabled 
the production of more fertile plant hybrids.     
Dmitri Mendeleev created the periodic table which fastened the discovery of new chemical elements. The Law of 
conservation of energy was formulated, synthetic rubber was made, ammonia was discovered, radium was discovered 
by Maria Curie and her husband Pierre...    
Discoveries in chemistry fastened the progress of chemical industry and replacement of natural materials with 
artificial (plastic, artificial silk and rubber, synthetic colors, celluloid, dynamite). New discoveries in chemistry 
were essential for progress of production of synthetic drugs and textile, artificial fertilizers, soap factories, 
glass factories...]]></description><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2007 20:33:25 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/progress-of-science-in-the-second-industrial-revolution/</link><guid>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/progress-of-science-in-the-second-industrial-revolution/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[STEEL INDUSTRY IN THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION]]></title><description><![CDATA[  
Essential innovations were made in iron industry, chemical industry and the production of energy. The invention of 
the Bessemer process and the Siemens-Martin process enabled the mass-production of quality steel. Besides the Bessemer 
process and the Siemens-Martin process was essential for the progress of iron production of iron in Europe the 
Gilchrist-Thomas process. The Gilchrist-Thomas process enabled the production of steel from less qualitative ironstone 
mixed with phosphorus. Cheaper production of steel led to enlargement of steel production and lower prices of steel. 
In 1870 was produced 520,000 tons of steel and in 1909 already 28,000,000 tons of steel. ]]></description><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2007 20:31:40 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/steel-industry-in-the-second-industrial-revolution/</link><guid>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/steel-industry-in-the-second-industrial-revolution/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[ELECTRIC ENERGY]]></title><description><![CDATA[  
Discovery of dynamite, electric motor, transformer and transfer of electric energy under high tension without bigger 
losses on larger distances (Nikola Tesla) led to progress of production of electricity. Coal and water were used in 
thermo and hydroelectric power stations which produced cheap electricity especially after invention of bulb. All 
mentioned discoveries led to the period of electricity and it's use in industry. After increased use of electric 
power followed numerous inventions like microphone, receiver (radio), wireless telegraph, tramway (street railway), 
film camera, projector,...]]></description><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2007 20:30:33 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/electric-energy/</link><guid>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/electric-energy/</guid></item><item><title><![CDATA[TRANSPORT IN THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION]]></title><description><![CDATA[  
The invention of the Internal combustion engine fastened the use of oil in industry and led to fast progress of 
automotive industry. Demands for fast raw material transport into manufacturing centers and products on the market 
fastened the railway construction and domination of steamboats with iron hulks on seas. Significant importance 
for transport progress was also the invention of the Internal combustion engine by Daimler and Benz in 1885. But 
despite the significant progress in automotive industry was possession of a car in Europe in the beginning of 20th 
century luxurious affordable only to the rich. The production of the Ford Model T in 1908 led to mass-production 
and reduced the price of a car and the most of employed people could afford one. Wide use of cars eventually led to increased 
use of oil and it's derivatives. World oil production enlarged from 800,000 tons in 1870 to 20,000,000 tons in 1900. 
Growing importance of oil production eventually led the great powers in rivalry for oil fields.     
In 1903 the Wright brothers Orville and Wilbur made first heavier-than-air human flight. After the successful flight 
of the Wright brothers aerospace manufacturing progressed fast and after 10 years airplanes reached speed of 200 km/h 
and distance of 1000 km.     
Progress of railway, maritime and river transport enables faster and safer traveling, while the use of telegraph and 
later telephone enabled communication on long distances. World became more connected, while changes in transport 
had also big impact on reducing the famine, faster intervention in case of natural catastrophes...     
The Industrial Revolution enabled trade of products with lower prices which eventually reached the whole world. 
Construction of railway and improvements in maritime transport included in process of industrialization also new 
lands. Distant lands rich with resources and foodstuff which were imported in Europe became easier accessible. 
Although European states early began to protect it's agriculture through high protective customs import of 
larger amount of cheap wheat caused constant agriculture crisis. Agriculture could compete in global market only 
with modernization and enlargement of profitable estates. Large estates and farms usually did not had problems with 
capital and could easily introduce machinery and artificial fertilizers what cheapened and increased their production. 
Smaller farmers were not financial capable to modernize their production and mostly had to little land for 
rent able farming. Improvements in transport in first place railway construction take away former additional income 
with domestic craft, shipping, rafting,... Many peasants bankrupt and because the countryside did not enabled them 
possibility to make money they migrated into urban areas and many of them also in outland. ]]></description><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2007 20:29:18 +0000</pubDate><link>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/transport-in-the-second-industrial-revolution/</link><guid>http://www.industrial-revolution.info/second-industrial-revolution/transport-in-the-second-industrial-revolution/</guid></item></channel></rss>